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Yuliy Georgiev (2000).
The Bulgarian Special Services Looking Towards A
Unified Europe
Sofia:
Priva Consult LTD, pp. 158.
Paper bound. Price: Lv. 7.
ISBN 954-90586-1-1
In his
book The Bulgarian Special Services Looking Towards A
Unified Europe Colonel (Ret.) Yuliy Georgiev, ex-Director
of the National Security Service, addresses issues which,
in his opinion, have an impact on the work of the Bulgarian
counterintelligence and the other special services within
the Ministry of the Interior. The author's analysis covers
the period following the democratic changes in Bulgaria.
In a dozen thematically oriented sections, the author treats
many of the problems of the special services in Bulgaria
during the period of the "Iron Curtain". In the
author's opinion, these questions have inflamed society
for years and were periodically exploited and manipulated
by the ruling circles.
Already
in the foreword, Mr. Georgiev calls upon Bulgarian statesmen
to show "patience, more tolerance and mutual understanding".
From his position as former head of one of the country's
main special services, Mr. Georgiev appeals to society to
search for a means to unify the nation. In his opinion,
Bulgarian society is in need of such unification, especially
while active negotiations for a full membership to the European
Union are in progress. The author makes an attempt to explain
why the ghost of the former State Security "still disturbs
the sleep" of Bulgarian politicians. Mr. Georgiev answers
this question already in the first chapter of the book.
History, he says, shows "that any underdeveloped and
non-democratic rule, particularly when losing confidence
and feeling weak", immediately attempts to create opponents
of their own. The more aggressively the "men of straw"
promote this image, the more convincing will be their explanations
for the failures of the current state government. After
1989, the former State Security involuntarily assumed the
role of opponent of the Bulgarian governments. All those
who came into power in Bulgaria after the fall of the communist
regime declared that this service was a criminal organization.
The ruling circles' thesis was that former repressive structures
continued to obstruct the democratic development of the
state and to control the processes of change, due to its
total penetration into political and economic life.
One
of the most serious accusations that have been made by the
present Bulgarian politicians against the former special
services' officers is that the latter are at the root of
the country's organized crime structures. In the author's
opinion, this is a convenient allegation intended to justify
the current political situation. Mr. Georgiev emphasizes
that the senior staff and the well-trained professionals
in those services are still being periodically fired or
retired simply for having served under the previous governments.
This is but the tip of the iceberg. According to the author,
they are put under surveillance by every succeeding government,
subjected to various forms of control, and public opinion
is inflamed against them and their actions, regardless of
the content of such actions.
As for
the attitude shown by the special services' officers towards
the changes that were underway at the end of the 1980s,
Mr. Georgiev's position is categorical. In his opinion,
the services "were aware of the need for those changes
but did not accept the irresponsible manner in which they
were made."
Another
topic addressed by the author is the management of the special
services in the new situation. He defines this task as highly
difficult. As a citizen, Mr. Georgiev has observed the beginning
of the depolitization of those services, and feels that
it has been extremely important to find a balance between
permanent national interests and activities of the reformed
services. Problems have been speedily resolved in spite
of the lack of experience. New regulations have imposed
changes in some operational methods, discontinuation of
concepts, restriction of repressive and brutal functions
of the counterintelligence institution. The resolution of
many issues was made possible only by virtue of the professionalism
of the officers. Former Counterintelligence Director, Mr.
Georgiev argues that, as soon as the changes were underway,
the Bulgarian counterintelligence freed itself from the
influence of geopolitics and various alliances, and acted
in accordance with the immediate realities and threats to
the state. As proof of the maturity of the counterintelligence
institution, the author points out its attitude toward the
Bulgarian Turks' party, which was formed as an independent
political subject already at the end of 1989. Mr. Georgiev
calls the reader's attention to the fact that, already in
1992, the then NSS Director Chavdar Petkov promoted the
gradual recruitment and appropriate training of youth of
Turkish origin for future employment at the NSS.
The
author also examines briefly the "logic of destruction"
of the state system and national identity. In his opinion,
it will be years before political passions are calmed and
events can be analyzed in an objective manner. Today the
rulers seek justification in the fact that there is no comparative
model and analogy for such a development in world history.
State leaders, the author says, are depending upon the passage
of time to excuse them from responsibility for their missteps,
for having initiated the destruction of functioning business
and state structures without providing a clear concept for
their model of replacement, and for failing to obtain the
required national consensus on their realization. The author
argues forcefully that, during the entire ten-year transition
period, Bulgarian politicians have failed to overcome their
complexes concerning "the services". In his opinion,
they still cannot transcend their narrow party orientation
when speaking about the development and activity of these
services. The most severe upheavals have been suffered by
the special services, which are targets of numerous attacks
and accusations. Such actions, of course, have much wider
repercussions, since the problem "goes beyond the circle
of narrow political interests". This explains also
the fact that Bulgarians do not feel safe in their own state.
Another
basic issue that attracts Mr. Georgiev's attention as a
professional is the restructuring of the special services
and, in particular, of the counterintelligence institution.
The author's firm view is that this process had been influenced
by the chaotic course of events and subjected to the illogical
hesitations of the politicians with respect to the governing
of the state. At the beginning of its creation, for instance,
the NSS had been envisaged as a counterpart to its German
analog, but at the same time its design provided for the
implementation of certain elements of the actual English
model; this naturally resulted in confusion. Again, a highly
negative impact on the final outcome of the services' restructuring
was the fear of the politicians of the former State Security,
and the strong distrust existing between these politicians.
According to Mr. Georgiev, the manner in which the former
State Security has been divided, into National Intelligence
Service - NIS, National Security Service - NSS, National
Guard Service - NGS, and Military Counterintelligence -
MCI, preordained the failures in the future activities of
the newborn structures. The author has doubts about the
vitality of the model followed in the structuring of the
present Bulgarian special services, but is certain in one
aspect: that contacts with partners from the former hostile
countries exert a positive influence, and that the principle
of reciprocity introduced in regard to exchange of information
on issues of international security and organized crime
is indispensable for ensuring national security.
Last
but not least, the author addresses questions related to
control over the special services, which is a topic that
is periodically exploited by powerholders and the opposition,
particularly when there is a need to find a scapegoat for
mistakes committed by politicians. In spite of the continual
interest shown both by the executive and the legislature,
Mr. Georgiev emphasizes that this issue has yet to be resolved.
Discussions about civilian control over the special services
in our country began immediately after the changes in the
country in 1989, but in practice nothing substantial has
yet occurred. The author places the blame on narrow party
interests, backdoor political intrigues, lack of understanding
of the importance of this problem, and simple indifference.
The government has declared its intention to achieve stronger
civilian control over the services, but this task cannot
be realized through the demilitarization of the services,
or the appointments of political figures as MI's Secretaries
and Vice-Ministers of the Ministry of Defense.
The
reader can also find in this book a brief comparative analysis
of the existing forms of control over the special services
in states with stable democracies. The author leaves the
issue open for discussion, but indicates that such a control
is possible, even indispensable for society.
The issue of coordinating the work of the services is open
for discussion in Bulgaria as well, and Mr. Georgiev does
not overlook this question in his book. He critically analyzes
the structure and the work of the acting control and coordination
bodies, such as the National Security Council at the government
and the Consultative Council for National Security of the
President of the Republic. Through this analysis, the author
concludes that if one of these bodies is acting efficiently,
it would mean that there would be a duplication of efforts.
Loyal
to his professional ethics, Mr. Georgiev offers his own
concept about the shape, tasks, and activities of a unified
central body whose aim is to synchronize the work of the
special services. The reader acquainted with this professional
matter might find his ideas controversial and reject them,
but the author's intent has been to address this crucial
issue and initiate discussion.
The
book ends with a brief political and economic analysis of
the situation in Bulgaria and in the Balkan region. Mr.
Georgiev comments on the actions of NATO, the EU, and Russia
in the resolution of the Kosovo problem by military means.
His short-term forecast on the further development of events
is pessimistic, and the author enumerates his reasons for
such an appraisal.
The
large number of topics introduced creates a certain overload
in the reader's mind regarding the activities and management
of the special services of Bulgaria in the transition years.
However, the author has not intended to provide a comprehensive
analysis of all the problems which have arisen in the intelligence
services. The principal merit of Yuliy Georgiev's book is
that he describes the existing problems in the management,
the synchronization of the activities and the forms of control
over the special services in Bulgaria. By means of a logical
sequence of assumptions, utilizing the arguments and the
authority of a former intelligence chief, he succeeds in
persuading the reader of the importance of the issues examined.
Yuliy
Georgiev's The Bulgarian Special Services Looking Towards
A Unified Europe complements and enriches the series
of similar literature on the Bulgarian book market.
Yordan
Natchev, Sofia, Bulgaria